MICROSOFT WINDOWS

Microsoft Office

2007-10-12T00:55:00.001-07:00


Microsoft Office
Microsoft Office Word, Excel, Powerpoint, and Onenote (the components of Microsoft Office Home & Student 2007) on Windows Vista.
Maintainer:	Microsoft
Stable release:	• 2007 RTM (12.0.6017.5000) (Windows) • 2004 Service Pack 3 (11.3.6) (Mac OS X) _[+/−]
Preview release:	Microsoft Office 2008 (Mac OSX) _[+/−]
OS:	Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X
Use:	Office suite
License:	Proprietary
Website:	office.microsoft.com

Microsoft Office is an office suite from Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Apple Mac OS X operating systems. Along with core office applications, it includes associated servers and web-based services. Recent versions of Office are referred as "Office system".

Office was introduced by Microsoft in 1989 on the Mac,^[1] with a version for Windows in 1990.^[2] Initially a marketing term for a bundled set of applications, the first version of Office contained Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft PowerPoint. Additionally, a "Pro" version of Office included Microsoft Access and Schedule Plus. Over the years, Office applications have grown substantially closer with shared features such as a common spell checker, OLE data integration and Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications scripting language. A major feature of the Office suite is the ability for users and third party companies to write Component Object Model add-ins, which are supplemental programs that extend the capabilities of an application by adding custom commands and specialized features. Microsoft also positions Office as a development platform for line-of-business software.

The current versions are Office 2007 for Windows, launched on January 30, 2007,^[3] and Office 2004 for Mac, released May 19, 2004^[4]. Office 2007, announced on February 15, 2006^[5], was released on November 30, 2006 for businesses via volume License and MSDN channels. It features a distinct user interface and a new XML-based primary file format. The new Mac version, Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac, is expected to be released in January 2008.^[6]

[edit] Common Office programs

These programs are included in most editions of Microsoft Office 2007 and Office 2004 for Mac.

[edit] Word

Main article: Microsoft Word

Microsoft Word is a word processor and was long considered to be the main program of Office, although with the rise of electronic communication that distinction has now passed to Outlook. Word possesses a dominant market share in the word processor market. Its proprietary DOC format is considered a de facto standard, although its most recent version, Word 2007 uses a new XML-based format called .DOCX based on the Office Open XML ECMA standard, but has the capability of saving and opening the old .DOC format. Word is also available in some editions of Microsoft Works. It is available for the Windows and Mac platforms. The first version of Word, released in the fall of 1983, was for the DOS operating system and had the distinction of introducing the mouse to a broad population. Word 1.0 could be purchased with a bundled mouse, though one was not required. The following spring Apple introduced the Mac, and Microsoft released Word for the Mac, which became the most popular Mac application and which, like all Mac apps, required the use of a mouse.

Common extensions: .doc (Word 97-2003), .docx (Word 2007), .dot (Word 97-2003 Template), .dotx (Word 2007 XML Template)

[edit] Excel

Main article: Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program. Like Microsoft Word, it possesses a dominant market share. It was originally a competitor to the dominant Lotus 1-2-3, but it eventually outsold it and became the de facto standard. It is available for the Windows and Mac platforms.

Common extensions: .xls (Excel 97-2003), .xlsx (Excel 2007)

[edit] Outlook/Entourage

Main articles: Microsoft Outlook and Microsoft Entourage

Microsoft Outlook, not to be confused with Outlook Express, is a personal information manager and e-mail communication software. The replacement for Windows Messaging, Microsoft Mail and Schedule+ (Plus) starting in Office 97, it includes an e-mail client, calendar, task manager and address book. Although historically it has been offered for the Mac, the closest to an equivalent for Mac OS X is Microsoft Entourage, which offers a slightly different feature set.

Common extensions: .msg, .pst (Outlook 97-2007)

[edit] PowerPoint

Main article: Microsoft PowerPoint

Microsoft PowerPoint is a popular presentation program for Windows and Mac. It is used to create slideshows, composed of text, graphics, movies and other objects, which can be displayed on-screen and navigated through by the presenter or printed out on transparencies or slides. Office Mobile for Windows Mobile 5.0 and later features a version of PowerPoint called PowerPoint Mobile. It also possesses a dominant market share. Movies, videos, sounds and music, as well as wordart and autoshapes can be added to slideshows. It is available for the Windows and Mac platforms.

Common extensions: .ppt (Powerpoint 97-2003), .pptx (Powerpoint 2007), .pot, .pps

[edit] Other programs

Microsoft Access – Database manager. .mdb .mdt .mda .mdw .accdb .accda-files
Microsoft InfoPath – an application to design rich XML-based forms. .xml-files
Microsoft OneNote – Note-taking software for use with tablet PCs or regular PCs. .one-files
Microsoft Office SharePoint Designer – a WYSIWYG HTML editor and general web design program, replacing Microsoft Office FrontPage.
Developer Tools – included only with developer editions. Replaced by Visual Studio Tools for Office.
Microsoft Project – Project management software to keep track of events and to create network charts and Gantt charts. .mpp-files
Microsoft Publisher – software for creating newsletters, business cards, flyers, greeting cards or even postcards. .pub-files
Microsoft Visio – Diagram and flowcharting software. (not included in Office 2007) .vsd-files
Microsoft Office Accounting – a tool for managing business finances
Microsoft Office Communicator – Integrated communications client for conferences and meetings in real time.
Microsoft Office Document Imaging – an application that supports editing scanned documents. .mdi .tiff-files
Microsoft Office Document Scanning – a scanning and OCR application. .mdi .tiff-files
Microsoft Office Groove – a proprietary peer-to-peer software package aimed at businesses
Microsoft Office InterConnect – Business-relationship database available only in Japan. [1]
Microsoft Office Picture Manager – Basic photo management software (similar to Google's Picasa or Adobe's Photoshop Elements). Replaced Microsoft Photo Editor.

[edit] Web services

Microsoft Office Live Small Business (formerly known simply as Office Live) – Web hosting services and online collaboration tools for small businesses.
Microsoft Office Live Workspace – Online storage and collaboration service for documents.
Live Meeting – Web conferencing service.
Microsoft Office Online – Web site. Provides support for all Microsoft Office products.
Microsoft Update – Web site. Patch detection and installation service for Microsoft Office.

[edit] Server components

Microsoft Office Forms Server - allows InfoPath forms to be accessed and filled out using any browser
Microsoft Office Groove Server - centrally managing all deployments of Microsoft Office Groove in the enterprise
Microsoft Office Live Communications Server - real time communications server
Microsoft Office PerformancePoint Server - allows customers to monitor, analyze, and plan their business
Microsoft Office Project Portfolio Server - allows creation of a project portfolio, including workflows, hosted centrally
Microsoft Office Project Server - project management server
Microsoft Office SharePoint Server - collaboration server
- Excel Services
- Infopath Forms Services

[edit] Cross-platform

Microsoft develops Office for Windows and Mac platforms. Beginning with Mac Office 4.2, the Mac and Windows versions of Office share the same file format. Consequently, any Mac with Office 4.2 or later can read documents created with Windows Office 4.2 or later, and vice-versa. Recently, Microsoft announced discontinuation of Visual Basic for Applications support in future versions of Office for Mac. In addition, it has also ceased development on Microsoft Virtual PC. [2].

There were efforts in the mid 1990s to port Office to RISC processors such as NEC / MIPS and IBM/ PowerPC, but they met problems such as memory access being hampered by data structure alignment requirements. Difficulties in porting Office may have been a factor in discontinuing Windows NT on non-Intel platforms.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Editions

The newest version of Microsoft Office is 2007, which was released at the same time as Windows Vista (on January 30, 2007). The different editions of Microsoft Office 2007 are: ^[7]

Microsoft Office Home & Student 2007
Microsoft Office Standard 2007
Microsoft Office Small Business 2007
Microsoft Office Professional 2007
Microsoft Office Ultimate 2007

Limited Availability

Microsoft Office Basic 2007 (Available only through OEMs)
Microsoft Office Professional Plus 2007 (Available only through volume licensing)
Microsoft Office Enterprise 2007 (Available only through volume licensing)

Basic	Home & Student	Standard	Small Business	Professional	Ultimate	Professional Plus	Enterprise
Word	Word	Word	Word	Word	Word	Word	Word
Excel	Excel	Excel	Excel	Excel	Excel	Excel	Excel
	PowerPoint	PowerPoint	PowerPoint	PowerPoint	PowerPoint	PowerPoint	PowerPoint
Outlook		Outlook	Outlook	Outlook	Outlook	Outlook	Outlook
			Accounting Express	Accounting Express	Accounting Express
			Publisher	Publisher	Publisher	Publisher	Publisher
				Access	Access	Access	Access
					InfoPath	InfoPath	InfoPath
					Groove		Groove
	OneNote				OneNote		OneNote
						Communicator	Communicator

Microsoft Office for Mac 2004 is available in three editions.^[8] All three editions include Word, Excel, PowerPoint and Entourage. The professional edition includes Virtual PC. Also, the Student and Teacher Edition cannot be upgraded when a later version of Office is released.

Office for Mac 2004 Student and Teacher Edition
Office for Mac 2004 Standard Edition
Office for Mac 2004 Professional Edition

[edit] Support lifecycle

Beginning in 2002, Microsoft instituted a policy of Support Lifecycles including: [3] [4]

Earlier versions than Office 97 (including Outlook 97) are no longer supported.
Office 97 (including Outlook 98) – Mainstream hotfix support ended on August 31, 2001. Extended hotfix support ended on February 28, 2002. Assisted support ended on January 16, 2004.
Office 2000 – Mainstream support ended June 30, 2004. Extended support is available through July 14, 2009.
Office XP – Mainstream support ended July 11, 2006. Extended support will be provided until July 12, 2011.
Office 2003 - Mainstream support will end on January 13, 2009. Extended support will end at January 14, 2014.
Office 2007 - Mainstream support will end on April 10, 2012. Extended support will end on April 11, 2017.
Current and future versions - Mainstream support will end 5 years after release, or 2 years after the next release, whenever time is later, and extended support will end 5 years after that.

[edit] Versions and Editions

Most versions of Microsoft Office (including 97 and later, and possibly 4.3) use their own widget set and do not exactly match the native operating system. This is more apparent in the 2002 or XP release of Microsoft Office where the standard menus were replaced with a coloured flat looking, shadowed menu style. Similarly, Microsoft Office 2007 introduces a whole new widget system, dubbed "Ribbon", but now known as the "Fluent user interface". ^[9] The same widget used in Microsoft Office is also used in the Visual Studio product line, though the "Fluent UI" was not announced to be included in future versions of Visual Studio.

Both Windows and Office use "Service Packs" to update software, Office used to release non-cumulative "Service Releases", which were discontinued after Office 2000 Service Release 1.

Office programs have contained substantial Easter eggs. For example, Excel 97 contained a reasonably functional flight-simulator. [5]

[edit] Versions for Microsoft Windows

August 30, 1992: Office 3.0 (CD-ROM version: Word 2.0c, Excel 4.0a, PowerPoint 3.0, Mail): (repackaged as Office 92).
January 17, 1994: Office 4.0 (Word 6.0, Excel 4.0, PowerPoint 3.0).
July 3, 1994: Office for NT 4.2 (Word 6.0 [32-bit, i386, MIPS, PowerPC, and Alpha], Excel 5.0 [32-bit, i386, MIPS, PowerPC, and Alpha], PowerPoint 4.0 [16-bit], "Microsoft Office Manager").
June 2, 1994: Office 4.3 (the last 16-bit version; Word 6.0, Excel 5.0, PowerPoint 4.0, Mail 3.2 and in the pro version, Access 2.0. Last version to support Windows 3.x and Windows NT 3.1 and 3.5.
August 30, 1995: Office 95 (7.0) (Word 7 for Windows 95, etc.) - coincided with the Windows 95 operating system release.
December 30, 1996: Office 97 (8.0) (Word 97, etc.) (was published on CD-ROM as well as on a set of 45 3½-inch floppy disks), was Y2K safe with Service Release 2. Last version to support Windows NT 3.51 on i386 and Alpha].
January 27, 1999: Office 2000 (9.0) (Word 2000, etc.). Last version to support Windows 95, and last version that lacks Product Activation.
May 31, 2001: Office XP (10.0) (Word 2002, etc.). Last version to support Windows 98/Me/NT 4. Improved support for working in restricted accounts under Windows 2000/XP.
November 17, 2003: Office 2003 (11.0) (Word 2003, etc.). Last version to support Windows 2000.
January 30, 2007: Office 2007 (12.0) (Word 2007, etc.). Broadly released alongside Windows Vista, Microsoft's newest operating system.
Unknown (possibly the first half of 2009):^[10] Office 14. There will be no Microsoft Office 13 due to superstition. [6]

Office 95 editions:

Standard	Professional
Word	Word
Excel	Excel
PowerPoint	PowerPoint
Schedule+	Schedule+
	Access

Office 2000 Editions:

Standard	Small Business	Professional	Premium	Developer
Word	Word	Word	Word	Word
Excel	Excel	Excel	Excel	Excel
Outlook	Outlook	Outlook	Outlook	Outlook
PowerPoint	Small Business Tools	PowerPoint	PowerPoint	PowerPoint
	Publisher	Publisher	Publisher	Publisher
		Access	Access	Access
			FrontPage	FrontPage
			PhotoDraw	PhotoDraw
				Visual Basic for Applications
				Access Runtime

Office XP Editions:

Standard	Professional	Professional with FrontPage	Professional Special Edition	Developer
Word	Word	Word	Word	Word
Excel	Excel	Excel	Excel	Excel
Outlook	Outlook	Outlook	Outlook	Outlook
PowerPoint	PowerPoint	PowerPoint	PowerPoint	PowerPoint
	Access	Access	Access	Access
		FrontPage	FrontPage	FrontPage
			Publisher
				Office Developer Tools

[edit] Versions for Mac OS

The Microsoft Office 2004 for Mac logo.

Office 1 (Word 3, etc.): Released 1990.
Office 2 (Word 4, etc.): Released 1992.
Office 3 (Word 5, Excel 4, PowerPoint 3, etc.): Released 1993.
Office 4.2 (Word 6.0, Excel 5, PowerPoint 4, etc.): Released 1994.
Office 4.2.1 (The first Power Mac-aware version and the last 68K version; Word 6.0.1, Excel 5, PowerPoint 4, etc.): Released June 2, 1994.
Office 98 (Word/Excel/PowerPoint 98 (v8.0), etc.): Released March 15, 1998.
Office 2001 (Word 2001 (v9.0), etc.): Released October 11, 2000.
Office v. X (The first Mac OS X/Aqua edition; Word X, etc.): Current version 10.1.9, Released November 19, 2001.
Office 2004 (Word 2004, etc.): Current version 11.3.6, Released May 11, 2004.
Office 2008 (Word 2008, etc.): Current version N/A, Due to be Released January 2008. ^[11]

Both Office v. X and 2004 suites run on Intel Macs through the Rosetta emulation layer. Microsoft has announced that Office 2008 for Mac will have universal binaries capable of running natively on both PowerPC and Intel Macs.^[12] While the Office Open XML format will be built into Office 2008 for Mac, it is also supported on Office 2004 for Mac with a free conversion tool. ^[13]Mac versions do not use Product Activation.

[edit] Defunct programs

Microsoft Binder – Incorporates several documents into one file and was originally designed as a container system for storing related documents in a single file. The complexity of use and learning curve led to little usage and was removed from releases after Office 2000. .obd-files
Microsoft FrontPage – Web design software (also requires its own server program for some functionality). Offered only as a stand-alone program for the 2003 version (not part of the pre-2003 office suites, was sold separately). In 2006, Microsoft announced that this was to be discontinued and to be replaced by two different software packages: Microsoft SharePoint Designer and Microsoft Expression Web.
Microsoft Mail – Mail client (in old versions of Office, later replaced by Microsoft Schedule Plus and subsequently Microsoft Outlook). .mmf-files
Microsoft PhotoDraw – A graphics program that was first released as part of the Office 2000 Premium Edition. A later version for Windows XP compatibility was released, known as PhotoDraw 2000 Version 2. Microsoft discontinued the program in 2001. .mix-files
Microsoft Photo Editor – Photo-editing/raster-graphics software in older Office versions, and again in XP. It was temporarily supplemented by Microsoft PhotoDraw in Office 2000 Premium edition.
Microsoft Schedule Plus – Released with Office 95. It featured a planner, to-do list, and contact information. Its functions were incorporated into Microsoft Outlook. .scd-files
Microsoft Virtual PC – Included with Microsoft Office Professional Edition 2004. Obsolete from 2006 as Macs use same Intel architecture as Windows PCs. It emulated a standard PC and its hardware.
Microsoft Vizact 2000 – A program that "activated" documents using HTML, adding effects such as animation. It allows users to create dynamic documents for the Web. Development has ended due to unpopularity.
Office Assistant, included since 1997 as a part of Microsoft Agent technology, is a system that uses animated characters to offer unrequested context-sensitive suggestions to users and access to relevant parts of the help system. The Assistant is often dubbed "Clippy" or "Clippit," due to its default to a paper clip character, coded as CLIPPIT.ACS. The Office Assistant was hidden by default in Office XP and following mixed public response, not installed by default in Office 2003. It has been removed entirely in Office 2007.

[edit] Criticisms

Microsoft Office is commonly criticised for its security issues and infections from macro viruses.^[14] Secunia reports that out of the 15 vulnerabilities reported in 2006 for Microsoft Office 2003 (Standard Edition), 20% are unpatched, 33% are marked as Extremely Critical and 53% are marked as Highly Critical.^[15]

Microsoft Office for Windows requires a plugin to save files in PDF, unlike other suites such as OpenOffice.org that have this feature built-in.^[16] Built-in PDF support was to be added to Microsoft Office 2007, but for legal reasons it had to be removed. However, it is available as a free add-on from Microsoft's website.^[17]^[18]

Microsoft Office 2008 for the Mac is dropping VBA support.^[19] Although Microsoft is replacing this with support for AppleScript, it will mean that macros created with Office for Windows will not run on Office for the Mac, and vice versa.

[edit] See also

Microsoft Portal

[edit] References

^ Microsoft Company. The History of Computing Project (2006-10-26). Retrieved on 2006-11-09.
^ Chronology of Personal Computer Software. Retrieved on 2007-04-05.
^ Office 2007 To Be Launched on January 30, 2007, Too.
^ Microsoft (May 19, 2006). Microsoft Office 2004 for Mac Spotted Helping Customers Work Smarter to Play Harder. Microsoft. Retrieved on 2006-12-24.
^ Microsoft (February 15, 2006). Customers to Receive Better Solutions and More Product Options With 2007 Microsoft Office Release. Microsoft. Retrieved on 2006-12-24.
^ Forbes (August 2, 2007). Microsoft Delays Office for Mac Release.
^ 2007 Microsoft Office suites, Retrieved on 2007-08-20
^ Microsoft Office 2004 for Mac Editions, Retrieved on 2007-08-20
^ Office Fluent user interface overview
^ Foley, Mary Jo (2007-02-14). Office 14: Think first half of 2009. All about Microsoft blog. ZDNet. Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
^ Forbes (August 2, 2007). Microsoft Delays Office for Mac Release.
^ Dalrymple, Jim. "Microsoft reveals details of Office 2008 for Mac", Macworld, 2007-01-09. Retrieved on 2007-01-09.
^ Microsoft Office Open XML File Format Converter for Mac 0.2 (Beta). Microsoft (July 31, 2007).
^ Sooman, Derek (2005-04-13). Fresh Microsoft Office security problems found. TechSpot.com. Retrieved on 2006-11-09.
^ Vulnerability Report: Microsoft Office 2003 Standard Edition. Secunia. Retrieved on 2006-11-09.
^ Beer, Stan (2006-06-03). Adobe yet to explain why no PDF in Microsoft Office. IT Wire. Retrieved on 2006-11-09.
^ Legal issues around PDF support. Brian Jones:Open XML Formats (2006-06-02). Retrieved on 2006-06-03.
^ Follow-up on PDF legal issues. Brian Jones:Open XML Formats (2006-06-03). Retrieved on 2006-06-03.
^ WWDC: Microsoft updates Universal status of Mac apps. Macworld (2006-08-07). Retrieved on 2007-05-25.

[edit] External links

Microsoft Office (for Windows)
Microsoft Office 2004 (for Mac OS X)
MSDN Office Developer Center
Fluent interface of 2007 Office system
Microsoft Office Converters and Viewers - Free programs to view Microsoft Office documents.
ODF Converter - OpenDocument plugin for Microsoft Word 2007, Microsoft Word 2003, and Microsoft Word XP.
Sun ODF Plugin - Sun plugin to read, edit and save Microsoft Office documents in Open Document format.

[show]

v • d • e

Microsoft Office

World Wrestling Entertainment

2007-10-12T00:53:00.000-07:00

World Wrestling Entertainment

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World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc.

Type	Public (NYSE: WWE)
Founded	1952
Headquarters	Stamford, Connecticut, U.S.
Key people	Vince McMahon, Chairman Linda McMahon, CEO Shane McMahon, Executive Vice President of Global Media Stephanie McMahon-Levesque, Executive Vice President of Creative Writing
Industry	Professional wrestling, sports entertainment
Revenue	$400.3 million USD (2006)^[1]
Operating income	$71.5 million USD (2006)^[1]
Net income	$47.0 million USD (2006)^[1]
Employees	460 (April 2006, excluding wrestlers)^[2]
Website	WWE.com Corporate WWE Web Site

World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. (WWE) is a publicly traded, privately controlled integrated media (focusing in television, Internet, and live events), and sports entertainment company dealing primarily in the professional wrestling industry, with major revenue sources also coming from film, music, product licensing, and direct product sales. Vince McMahon is the majority owner and Chairman of the company and his wife Linda McMahon holds the position of Chief Executive Officer (CEO). Together with their children, Executive Vice President of Global Media Shane McMahon and Executive Vice President of Talent and Creative Writing Stephanie McMahon-Levesque, the McMahons hold approximately 70% of WWE's economic interest and 96% of all voting power in the company.

The company's global headquarters are located at 1241 East Main Street in Stamford, Connecticut. It has offices in Los Angeles and in New York City; its international offices are located in both London and Toronto. The company was previously known as Titan Sports before changing to World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc., and most recently becoming World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc.

WWE's business focus is on professional wrestling, the simulated sport combining original wrestling with scripted drama and pre-determined outcomes. It is currently the largest professional wrestling promotion in the world, and holds an extensive library of videos representing a significant portion of the visual history of professional wrestling. The promotion previously existed as the Capitol Wrestling Corporation, which promoted under the banner of the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF), and later the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). WWE promotes under three brands; RAW, SmackDown! and ECW. WWE is also home to two of the three current world heavyweight championships recognized by Pro Wrestling Illustrated.

WWE's revenue in fiscal 2006 (from May 2005 to April 2006) was approximately US$400 million, with a net profit of approximately $47 million. As of August 2006, the company's market capitalization is over $1 billion. Its stock is traded on the NYSE as WWE.

WWE is currently under investigation by the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform regarding their talent wellness policy, after the death of one of their performers possibly being linked to steroid abuse.^[3]

In August 2007, WWE made the decision to suspend ten professional wrestlers for violating their Wellness Policy after it emerged they were all customers of Signature Pharmacy in Orlando, Florida. According to a statement attributed to WWE attorney Jerry McDevitt, an eleventh wrestler was later added to the suspension list. ^[4]

On September 26, 2007, it was announced that WWE would be expanding its international operations. Alongside the current international offices in London and Toronto, a new international office would be established in Sydney. ^[5]

Company history

Main article: History of World Wrestling Entertainment

Capitol Wrestling

Roderick James "Jess" McMahon was a boxing promoter whose achievements included co-promoting a bout in 1915 between Jess Willard and Jack Johnson. In 1926, while working with Tex Rickard (who actually despised wrestling to such a degree he prevented wrestling events from being held at Madison Square Garden between 1939 and 1948), he started promoting boxing in Madison Square Garden in New York. The first match during their partnership was a light-heavyweight championship match between Jack Delaney and Paul Berlenbach.

Around the same time, professional wrestler Joseph Raymond "Toots" Mondt created a new style of professional wrestling that he called Slam Bang Western Style Wrestling to make the sport more appealing to spectators. He then formed a promotion with wrestling champion Ed Lewis and his manager Billy Sandow. They persuaded many wrestlers to sign contracts with their Gold Dust Trio. After much success, a disagreement over power caused the trio to dissolve and, with it, their promotion. Mondt formed partnerships with several other promoters, including Jack Curley in New York City. When Curley was dying, Mondt moved to take over New York wrestling with the aid of several bookers, one of whom was Jess McMahon.

Together, Roderick McMahon and Raymond Mondt created the Capitol Wrestling Corporation (CWC). The CWC joined the National Wrestling Alliance in 1953. Also in that year, Ray Fabiani, one of Mondt's associates, brought in Vincent J. McMahon to replace his father Jess in the promotion. McMahon and Mondt were a successful combination, and within a short time, they controlled approximately 70% of the NWA's booking, largely due to their dominance in the heavily populated Northeast region. Mondt taught McMahon about booking and how to work in the wrestling business.

Due to the dominance in the Northeast by the promotion, AWA legend & WWE Hall of Famer Nick Bockwinkel referred to the CWC the "Northeast Triangle" in The Spectacular Legacy of the AWA DVD to signify a triangle-like shape covering the CWC's territory; Pittsburgh, Washington, D. C., and Maine being the "points" of the triangle.

World Wide Wrestling Federation

The NWA recognized an undisputed NWA World Heavyweight Champion that went from wrestling company to wrestling company in the alliance and defended the belt around the world. In 1963, the champion was "Nature Boy" Buddy Rogers.

The rest of the NWA was unhappy with Mondt because he rarely allowed Rogers to wrestle outside of the Northeast. Mondt and McMahon wanted Rogers to keep the NWA World Championship, but Rogers was unwilling to sacrifice his $25,000 deposit on the belt (title holders at the time had to pay a deposit to insure they honored their commitments as champion). Rogers lost the NWA World Championship to Lou Thesz in a one-fall match in Toronto, Ontario on January 24, 1963, which led to Mondt, McMahon and the CWC leaving the NWA in protest, creating the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) in the process.

In April, Rogers was awarded the new WWWF World Championship following an apocryphal tournament in Rio de Janeiro. He lost the title to Bruno Sammartino a month later on May 17, 1963, after suffering a heart attack shortly before the match. To accommodate Rogers' condition, the match was booked to last under a minute.

Mondt left the company in the late sixties.

Although the WWWF had withdrawn from the NWA, Vince McMahon Sr. still sat on the NWA Board of Directors, no other territory was recognized in the Northeast, and several "champion vs. champion" matches occurred (usually ending in a double disqualification or some other non-decisive ending).

In March 1979, the WWWF became the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). The change was purely cosmetic, and the ownership and front office personnel remained unchanged during this period.

World Wrestling Federation

In 1980, the son of Vincent J. McMahon, Vincent Kennedy McMahon, founded Titan Sports, Inc. and in 1982 purchased Capitol Wrestling Corporation from his father. The elder McMahon had long since established the northeastern territory as one of the most vibrant members of the NWA. He had long since recognized that professional wrestling was more about entertainment than actual sport. Against his father's wishes, McMahon began an expansion process that fundamentally changed the sport.

The WWF was not the only promotion to have broken ranks with the NWA; the American Wrestling Association (AWA) had long ago ceased being an official NWA member (although like the WWF, they seldom left their own territory). But in neither instance did the defecting member attempt to undermine the territory system that had been the foundation of the industry for more than half a century.

Other promoters were furious when McMahon began syndicating WWF television shows to television stations across the United States, in areas outside of the WWF's traditional northeastern stronghold. McMahon also began selling videotapes of WWF events outside the Northeast through his Coliseum Video distribution company. He effectively broke the unwritten law of regionalism around which the entire industry had been based. To make matters worse, McMahon used the income generated by advertising, television deals, and tape sales to poach talent from rival promoters. Wrestling promoters nationwide were now in direct competition with the WWF.

The first step in McMahon's attempt to go national was to sign AWA superstar Hulk Hogan, who, due to his appearance in Rocky III had a national recognition that few other wrestlers could manage. To play Hogan's nemesis, he signed North Carolina badboy Roddy Piper, and also another bodybuilder in the "Superstar" Billy Graham mold, Jesse Ventura (although Ventura rarely wrestled in the WWF at that point due to the lung disorder that caused his retirement, moving to the commentator booth alongside Gorilla Monsoon). McMahon built a superstar roster consisting of these men on top, in addition to New York mainstays like André the Giant, Jimmy Snuka and Don Muraco, and wandering journeymen like Paul Orndorff, Greg Valentine, Ricky Steamboat and the Iron Sheik. It has long been a point of contention whether McMahon could have gone national without Hogan's presence, or vice versa.

According to several reports, the elder McMahon warned his son: "Vinny, what are you doing? You'll wind up at the bottom of a river." In spite of such warnings, the younger McMahon had an even bolder ambition: the WWF would tour nationally. However, such a venture required huge capital investment; one that placed the WWF on the verge of financial collapse.

The future of not just McMahon's experiment, but also the WWF, the NWA, and the whole industry came down to the success or failure of McMahon's groundbreaking concept, WrestleMania. WrestleMania was a pay-per-view extravaganza (in some areas; most areas of the country saw WrestleMania available on closed-circuit television) that McMahon marketed as being the Super Bowl of professional wrestling.

The concept of a wrestling super card was nothing new in North America; the NWA had been running Starrcade a few years prior to WrestleMania, and even the elder McMahon had marketed large Shea Stadium cards viewable in closed-circuit locations. However, McMahon wanted to take the WWF to the mainstream, targeting the public who were not regular wrestling fans. He drew the interest of the mainstream media by inviting celebrities such as Mr. T and Cyndi Lauper to participate in the event. MTV, in particular, featured a great deal of WWF coverage and programming at this time, in what was termed the Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection.

The Golden Age

The original WrestleMania, held in 1985, was a resounding success. This event is sometimes credited as the debut of what McMahon called "sports entertainment". However, as mentioned above, his father had emphasized pro wrestling's entertainment value some years before. The WWF did incredible business on the shoulders of McMahon and his all-American babyface hero, Hulk Hogan, for the next several years, creating what some observers dubbed a second golden age for professional wrestling. The introduction of Saturday Night's Main Event on NBC in mid-1985 marked the first time that professional wrestling had been broadcast on network television since the 1950s. However, by the 1990s the WWF's fortunes steadily declined as fans were tired of Hulk Hogan's ability to beat anyone and everyone whenever he wanted.

The New Generation

The WWF hit a low point in the wake of allegations of steroid abuse and distribution made against it in 1994; there were also allegations of sexual harassment made by WWF employees. McMahon was eventually exonerated, but it was a public relations nightmare for the WWF. The steroid trial cost the WWF an estimated $5 million at a time when revenues were at an all-time low. To compensate, McMahon cut the pay of both wrestlers and front office personnel – close to 40% in the latter case (and about 50% for top level managers such as Bobby Heenan and Jimmy Hart, who both left). This helped drive many WWF wrestlers to its only major competition, World Championship Wrestling (WCW), between 1993 and 1996. During this period, the WWF promoted itself under the banner of "The New WWF Generation," featuring Shawn Michaels, Diesel, Razor Ramon, Bret Hart, and The Undertaker. In an effort to promote them and other young talent as the new superstars of the ring, the WWF began to play on the age restrictions which former WWF wrestlers such as Hulk Hogan and Randy Savage (who by now were working for WCW) now faced. This is best seen in the "Billionaire Ted" parodies of early 1996 (a reference to WCW's owner and patron, media mogul Ted Turner) which culminated in a "rasslin'" match during the warm-up to WrestleMania XII.

The Attitude Era

During the 1990s wrestling boom, starting with Steve Austin's now infamous Austin 3:16 speech, shortly after defeating Jake Roberts in the tournament finals at the 1996 King of the Ring pay-per-view, the WWF moved away from its "family era" and began broadcasting more violence, swearing, and more edgy angles in its attempt to compete with WCW. After Bret Hart left for WCW following the infamous Montreal Screwjob incident, Vince McMahon used the resulting backlash in the creation of his "Mr. McMahon" character, a dictatorial and fierce ruler who favored heels who were "good for business" over "misfit" faces like Austin. This, in turn, led to the Austin vs. McMahon feud, which, along with the formation of D-Generation X, laid the foundation for the Attitude Era. The Attitude Era also featured the established Monday Night Wars, where both WCW and the WWF had Monday night shows that competed against each other in the ratings.

Business advances

On April 29, 1999, the WWF made its return to terrestrial television by launching a special program known as SmackDown! on the fledgling UPN network. The Thursday-night show became a weekly series on August 26, 1999.

On the back of the success of the Attitude Era, on October 19, 1999 the WWF's parent company, Titan Sports (by this time renamed World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc.) became a publicly traded company, offering 10 million shares priced at $17 each.^[6] WWF announced its desire to diversify, including creating a nightclub in Times Square, producing feature films, and book publishing.

In 2000 the WWF, in collaboration with television network NBC, announced the creation of the XFL, a new professional football league that debuted in 2001.^[7] The league had surprisingly high ratings for the first few weeks, but initial interest waned and its ratings plunged to dismally low levels (one of its games was the lowest-rated primetime show in the history of American television). NBC walked out on the venture after only one season, but McMahon intended to continue alone. However, after being unable to reach a deal with UPN, McMahon shut down the XFL.^[8]

Acquisition of WCW and ECW

With the success of the Attitude Era, WCW's already shaky financial situation deteriorated even further. It only survived because Ted Turner retained control over it as a result of Turner Broadcasting System's merger with Time Warner. However, after Time Warner merged with AOL, Turner's power was considerably reduced, and the newly merged company decided to shed its dead weight, namely WCW which was now losing scores of millions of dollars each year. In March 2001, WWF Entertainment, Inc. acquired World Championship Wrestling, Inc. from AOL Time Warner for a number reported to be around $7 million.^[9] With this purchase, WWF was now the largest wrestling promotion in the world, and the only one in North America with mainstream exposure. It remained so until the launch of Total Nonstop Action Wrestling in 2002.

The assets of Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), which had folded after filing for bankruptcy protection in April 2001, were purchased by WWE in mid-2003.

World Wrestling Entertainment

In 2000, the World Wildlife Fund (also WWF), an environmental organization now called the World Wide Fund for Nature, sued the World Wrestling Federation. A British court agreed that Titan Sports had violated a 1994 agreement which had limited the permissible use of the WWF initials overseas, particularly in merchandising.^[10]

On Sunday May 5, 2002, the company quietly changed all references on its website from "WWF" to "WWE", while switching the URL from WWF.com to WWE.com. The next day, a press release announced the official name change from World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. to World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc., or WWE, and the change was publicized later that day during a telecast of Monday Night RAW, which emanated from the Hartford Civic Center in Hartford, Connecticut. For a short time, WWE used the slogan "Get The 'F' Out".^[11] The company had also been ordered by court to stop using the old WWF Attitude logo on any of its properties and to censor all past references to WWF, as they no longer owned the trademark to the initials WWF in 'specified circumstances'.^[12] However, despite litigation, WWE is still permitted use of the original WWF logo, which was used from 1984 through 1997, as well as the "New WWF Generation" logo, which was used from 1994 through 1998. Furthermore, the company may still make use of the full "World Wrestling Federation" and "World Wrestling Federation Entertainment" names without consequence.

In April 2002, about a month before the name change, WWE decided to create two separate rosters, one on RAW, the other on SmackDown! due to the overabundance of talent left over from the Invasion storyline (which involved talent from the absorbed ECW and WCW rosters interacting in WWF storylines). This is known as the WWE Brand Extension. Following the Brand Extension, a yearly Draft Lottery was instituted to exchange members of each roster and generally refresh the lineups.

In August 2002, the company launched WWE Niagara Falls, a retail establishment in Niagara Falls, Ontario.

In late 2005 WWE RAW returned after a brief 5-year stint on TNN (now Spike TV) to its original home USA Network. In the TNN days, WWE got all advertising revenue during commercial breaks into their own pockets, now on USA Network, USA Network gets all advertising revenue. So, WWE had to invest into other lines of products introducing WWE 24/7, an on-demand subscription-only channel which shows classic wrestling matches from WWE's vast video library (more than 80,000 hours) and WWE produced content other than wrestling.

In 2006, due to contracts with NBC Universal, parent company of USA Network, WWE had the chance to revive its classic Saturday night show WWE Saturday Night's Main Event (SNME) on NBC after a 13-year hiatus. WWE had so the chance to promote the company on a national network and not only on cable channels like The CW and USA Network. SNME airs occasionally on NBC as a WWE special series.

On May 26, 2006, WWE revived Extreme Championship Wrestling as its third brand. The new ECW program airs Tuesday nights, on the Sci Fi Channel.^[13]

WWE Wellness Program

This article does not cite any references or sources. (October 2007)
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.

The WWE Talent Wellness Program is a comprehensive drug, alcohol, and cardiac screening program exclusive to World Wrestling Entertainment, initiated in February 2006, shortly after the sudden death of one of their highest profile talents, 38 year old Eddie Guerrero. The policy tests for recreational drug use and abuse of prescription medication, including anabolic steroids. Under the guidelines of the policy, talent is also tested annually for pre-existing or developing cardiac issues. The drug testing is handled by Aegis Sciences Corporation. The cardiac evaluations are handled by New York Cardiology Associates P.C. The program has recently been defended heavily by WWE and it's employees in the wake of several illegal pharmacy busts that link WWE performers to steroid purchases even after the policy was put into place. WWE openly suspended/released 11 performers immediately following release of their names in conjunction with anabolic steroid purchases. The program has fallen under intense scrutiny from members of the media and experts in the field of doping, who claim that not only has WWE overlooked, if not, encouraged steroid use prior to these pharmacy busts, but that the steroid testing itself is blatantly misleading. Under the WWE drug testing policy, positive test thresholds for anabolic steroids are more than twice that of all other major sporting outfits including the Olympic committee.

Current title holders

Main article: List of current champions in WWE

Brand	Championship	Current Champion	Date won	Date aired
RAW	WWE Championship	Randy Orton	October 7, 2007	October 7, 2007
	WWE Intercontinental Championship	Jeff Hardy	September 2, 2007	September 3, 2007
	WWE Women's Championship	Beth Phoenix	October 7, 2007	October 7, 2007
	World Tag Team Championship	Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch	September 8, 2007	N/A (House show)
SmackDown!	World Heavyweight Championship	Batista	September 16, 2007	September 16, 2007
	WWE United States Championship	Montel Vontavious Porter	May 20, 2007	May 20, 2007
	WWE Cruiserweight Championship	Vacant	September 25, 2007	September 28, 2007
	WWE Tag Team Championship	Matt Hardy and Montel Vontavious Porter	August 28, 2007	August 31, 2007
ECW	ECW Championship	CM Punk	September 1, 2007	September 4, 2007

Other wrestler accomplishments

Brand	Accomplishment	Latest winner	Date won
RAW, SmackDown!, ECW	Royal Rumble	The Undertaker	January 28, 2007
	Money in the Bank	Edge	May 7, 2007
	Diva Search	Layla El	August 16, 2006

Current developmental territory champions

Promotion	Championship or accomplishment	Current champion(s)	Date won	Date aired
OVW	OVW Heavyweight Champion	Michael W. Kruel	July 28, 2007	N/A (House show)
	OVW Television Champion	Ted McNailer	September 19, 2007	September 22, 2007
	OVW Southern Tag Team Champions	Vacant	October 3, 2007	October 6, 2007
	OVW Women's Champion	Roucka	September 19, 2007	September 22, 2007
FCW	FCW Southern Heavyweight Champion	Harry Smith	June 26, 2007	N/A (House show)

Defunct promotion championships and accomplishments

WWE Hardcore Championship (1998-2002)
WWE European Championship (1997-2002)
WCW World Heavyweight Championship (2001)²
WCW World Tag Team Championship (2001)²
WWF Light Heavyweight Championship (1981-2001) (recognized officially 1997-2001)
WWF Million Dollar Championship (1989-1992, 1995-1996)
WWF Intercontinental Tag Team Championship (1991)
WWF Women's Tag Team Championship (1983-1989)
WWF Canadian Championship (1985-1986)
WWF International Heavyweight Championship (1959-1963, 1982-1985)
WWF Junior Heavyweight Championship (1967-1985)
WWF International Tag Team Championship (1969-1985)
WWF New Japan Martial Arts Championship (1978-1985)
WWF North American Championship (1979-1981)
WWWF United States Championship (1970-1975)
WWWF United States Tag Team Championship (1963-1967)

²Acquisition of WCW and ECW.

Defunct developmental territories championships

OVW Hardcore Championship (2000 - 2001)
OVW Light Heavyweight Championship (1999-2001)

Expansion beyond wrestling

In addition to licensing wrestling and performers' likenesses to video game companies such as EA and THQ to capitalize on the market for their entertainment dollar, WWE has moved into other areas of interest in order to market their product.

WWE Films: A subsidiary of WWE created in 2002 to create and develop feature film properties for the professional wrestlers within the company.
WWE Niagara Falls: A retail and entertainment establishment that is located in Niagara Falls, Ontario and owned by WWE.
WWE Records: A subsidiary that specializes in compilation albums of WWE wrestlers' entrance themes. Also releases titles that have been actually performed by the wrestlers themselves.
WWE Home Video: A subsidiary that specializes in distributing compilation VHS and DVD copies of WWE pay-per-view events, compilations of WWE wrestlers' performances, and biographies of WWE performers.
WWE Books: A subsidiary of WWE that serves to publish autobiographies of and fiction based on WWE personalities, behind-the-scenes guides to WWE, illustrated books, calendars, young adult books, and other general nonfiction books.

WWE executive officers

World Wrestling Entertainment headquarters, Stamford, Connecticut

Vincent K. McMahon (Chairman) ^[14]
Linda E. McMahon (CEO) ^[15]
Michael Sileck (Chief Operating Officer) ^[16]
Shane B. McMahon (Executive Vice President, Global Media) ^[17]
Kevin Dunn (Executive Vice President, Television Production) ^[18]
Frank G. Serpe (Chief Financial Officer) ^[19]
Donna Goldsmith (Executive Vice President, Consumer Products) ^[20]
Geof Rochester (Executive Vice President, Marketing) ^[21]
Stephanie McMahon-Levesque (Executive Vice President, Talent and Creative Writing) ^[22]
Edward L. Kaufman (Executive Vice President and General Counsel) ^[23]
John Laurinaitis (Senior Vice President, Talent Relations) ^[24]
Michael Lake (President, WWE Films) ^[25]

WWE board of directors

Vincent K. McMahon (Chairman of the Board of Directors - WWE) ^[14]^[26]
Linda E. McMahon (Chief Executive Officer - WWE) ^[15]^[26]
Michael Sileck (Chief Operating Officer - WWE) ^[26]
Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. (Former Governor of the State of Connecticut and United States Senator) ^[26]
David Kenin (Executive Vice President of Programming - Hallmark Channel) ^[26]
Joseph Perkins (President - Communications Consultants, Inc.) ^[26]
Michael B. Solomon (Managing Principal - Gladwyne Partners, LLC) ^[26]
Robert A. Bowman (Chief Executive Officer - Major League Baseball Advanced Media) ^[26]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. Reports Q4 Results (PDF) 4. Retrieved on 2006-08-28.
^ WWE 2006 10-K Report. WWE.com. Retrieved on 2006-08-28.
^ Congress wants WWE's info on steroids, doping. Retrieved on 2007-07-29.
^ "WWE Suspends Yet Another Wrestler". Headline Planet (2007-09-01).
^ "WWE: Flexing its Muscle" (2007-09-01).
^ WWF Enters the Stock Market (19). Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
^ WWE Entertainment, Inc. announces the formation of the XFL -- a new professional football league (03). Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
^ XFL folds after disappointing first season (10). Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
^ WWE Entertainment, Inc. Acquires WCW from Turner Broadcasting (23). Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
^ Agreement-WWF-World Wide Fund for Nature and Titan Sports Inc.. Retrieved on 2006-11-23.
^ World Wrestling Federation Entertainment Drops The "F" To Emphasize the "E" for Entertainment.. WWE. Retrieved on 2006-08-28.
^ corporate.wwe.com
^ WWE brings ECW to Sci Fi Channel. WWE.com. Retrieved on 2006-08-28.
^ ^a ^b WWE Corporate Biography of Vince McMahon. Retrieved on 2007-05-20.
^ ^a ^b WWE Corporate Biography of Linda McMahon. Retrieved on 2007-05-20.
^ WWE Corporate Biography of Michael Sileck. Retrieved on 2007-05-20.
^ WWE Corporate Biography of Shane McMahon. Retrieved on 2007-05-20.
^ WWE Corporate Biography of Kevin Dunn. Retrieved on 2007-05-20.
^ WWE Corporate Biography of Frank Serpe. Retrieved on 2007-05-20.
^ WWE Corporate Biography of Donna Goldsmith. Retrieved on 2007-05-20.
^ WWE Corporate Biography of Geof Rochester. Retrieved on 2007-05-20.
^ WWE Corporate Biography of Stephanie McMahon-Levesque. Retrieved on 2007-05-20.
^ WWE Corporate Biography of Edward Kaufman. Retrieved on 2007-05-20.
^ WWE Corporate Biography of John Laurinaitis. Retrieved on 2007-05-20.
^ WWE Corporate Biography of Joel Simon. Retrieved on 2007-05-20.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Corporate Board of Directors. Retrieved on 2007-05-20.

External links

World Wrestling Entertainment
History
Black Saturday • Monday Night Wars • Montreal Screwjob • The Invasion • Brand Extension • WWE Video Library
Programming
RAW • SmackDown! • ECW Current programming • Former programming • Pay-per-views
Developmental territories
Ohio Valley Wrestling • Florida Championship Wrestling
Former and defunct developmental territories
Deep South Wrestling • Heartland Wrestling Association • International Wrestling Association • Memphis Championship Wrestling
Subsidiaries
WWE Films • WWE Niagara Falls • WWE Records • WWE Video Games • WWE Home Video • WWE Books
Defunct subsidiaries
Coliseum Video • World Bodybuilding Federation • The World • XFL
Other wrestling organizations acquired
World Championship Wrestling (history) • Extreme Championship Wrestling
Talent
Current roster • WWE Divas • Alumni • Hall of Fame (inductees) • Diva Search • Tough Enough • WWE Draft • List of current champions in WWE

Love

2007-10-12T00:52:00.000-07:00

Love

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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For other uses, see Love (disambiguation).

Historically
Part of a series on Love

Courtly love
Greek love
Religious love
Types of Emotion
Erotic love
Platonic love
Familial love
Puppy love
Romantic love
See Also
Unrequited love
Problem of love
Sexuality
Sexual intercourse
Valentine's Day

Close relationships

Affinity • Attachment • Bonding • Casual • Cohabitation • Compersion • Concubinage • Courtship • Divorce • Dower/-ry • Friendship • Family • Husband • Infatuation • Intimacy • Jealousy • Limerence • Love • Marriage • Monogamy • Nonmonogamy • Office romance • Passion • Partner • Pederasty • Polygamy• Platonic love • Psychology of monogamy • Relationship abuse • Romance • Sexuality • Separation • Wedding • Widowhood • Wife

v • d • e

Love is an intense feeling of affection related to a sense of strong loyalty or profound oneness.^[1] The meaning of love varies relative to context. Romantic love is seen as an ineffable feeling of intense attraction shared in passionate or intimate attraction and intimate interpersonal and sexual relationships.^[2] Though often linked to personal relations, love is often given a broader signification, a love of humanity, of nature, with life itself, or a oneness with the Universe, a universal love. Love can also be construed as Platonic love,^[3] religious love,^[4] familial love, and, more casually, great affection for anything considered strongly pleasurable, desirable, or preferred, to include activities and foods.^[5]^[2] This diverse range of meanings in the singular word love is often contrasted with the plurality of Greek words for love, reflecting the concept's depth, versatility, and complexity.

[hide]

Definitions

The definition of love is the subject of considerable debate, enduring speculation and thoughtful introspection. The difficulty of finding a universal definition for love is typically tackled by classifying it into types, such as passionate love, romantic love, and committed love. These types of love can often be generalized into a level of sexual attraction. In common use, love has two primary meanings, the first being an indication of adoration for another person or thing, and the second being a state of relational status. Love is an act of identifying with a person or thing, capable of even including oneself (cf. narcissism; reverence). Dictionaries tend to define love as deep affection or fondness.^[1] In colloquial use, according to polled opinion, the most favored definitions of love involve altruism, selflessness, friendship, union, family, and bonding or connecting with another.

Thomas Jay Oord has defined love in various scholarly publications as acting intentionally, in sympathetic response to others (including God), to promote overall well-being. Oord means for his definition to be sufficient for research in ethics, religion, and science.

The different aspects of love can be roughly illustrated by comparing their corollaries and opposites. As a general expression of positive sentiment (a stronger form of like), love is commonly contrasted with hate (or neutral apathy); as a less sexual and more mutual and "pure" form of romantic attachment, love is commonly contrasted with lust; and as an interpersonal relationship with romantic overtones, love is commonly contrasted with friendship, although other connotations of love may be applied to close friendships as well.

The very existence of love is sometimes subject to debate. Some categorically reject the notion as false or meaningless.^{[citation needed]} Others call it a recently-invented abstraction, sometimes dating the "invention" to courtly Europe during or after the Middle Ages.^{[citation needed]} Others maintain that love really exists, and is not an abstraction, but is undefinable, being essentially spiritual or metaphysical in nature.^{[citation needed]} Some psychologists maintain that love is the action of lending one's "boundary" or "self-esteem" to another.^{[citation needed]} Others attempt to define love by applying the definition to everyday life.^{[citation needed]}

Cultural differences make any universal definition of love difficult to establish. Expressions of love may include the love for a soul or mind, the love of laws and organizations, love for a body, love for nature, love of food, love of money, love for learning, love of power, love of fame, love for the respect of others, etc. Different people place varying degrees of importance on the kinds of love they receive. Love is essentially an abstract concept,^{[citation needed]} easier to experience than to explain. Because of the complex and abstract nature of love, discourse on love is commonly reduced to a thought-terminating cliché, and there are a number of common proverbs regarding love, from Virgil's "Love conquers all" to The Beatles' "All you need is love".

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Scientific views

Main article: Love (scientific views)

Throughout history, philosophy and religion have done the most speculation on the phenomenon of love. In the last century, the science of psychology has written a great deal on the subject. In recent years, the sciences of evolutionary psychology, evolutionary biology, anthropology, neuroscience, and biology have added to the understanding of the nature and function of love.

Chemistry of love

See main: Interpersonal chemistry.

Biological models of sex tend to view love as a mammalian drive, much like hunger or thirst.^[6] Helen Fisher, a leading expert in the topic of love, divides the experience of love into three partly-overlapping stages: lust, attraction, and attachment. Lust exposes people to others, romantic attraction encourages people to focus their energy on mating, and attachment involves tolerating the spouse long enough to rear a child into infancy.

Lust is the initial passionate sexual desire that promotes mating, and involves the increased release of chemicals such as testosterone and estrogen. These effects rarely last more than a few weeks or months. Attraction is the more individualized and romantic desire for a specific candidate for mating, which develops out of lust as commitment to an individual mate forms. Recent studies in neuroscience have indicated that as people fall in love, the brain consistently releases a certain set of chemicals, including pheromones, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, which act similar to amphetamines, stimulating the brain's pleasure center and leading to side-effects such as an increased heart rate, loss of appetite and sleep, and an intense feeling of excitement. Research has indicated that this stage generally lasts from one and a half to three years.^[7]

Since the lust and attraction stages are both considered temporary, a third stage is needed to account for long-term relationships. Attachment is the bonding which promotes relationships that last for many years, and even decades. Attachment is generally based on commitments such as marriage and children, or on mutual friendship based on things like shared interests. It has been linked to higher levels of the chemicals oxytocin and vasopressin than short-term relationships have.^[7]

In 2005, Italian scientists at Pavia University found that a protein molecule known as the nerve growth factor (NGF) has high levels when people first fall in love, but these levels return to as they were after one year. Specifically, four neurotrophin levels, i.e. NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4, of 58 subjects who had recently fallen in love were compared with levels in a control group who were either single or already engaged in a long-term relationship. The results showed that NGF levels were significantly higher in the subjects in love than as compared to either of the control groups.^[8]

Psychology of love

Further information: Human bonding

Psychology depicts love as a cognitive and social phenomenon. Psychologist Robert Sternberg formulated a triangular theory of love and argued that love has three different components: intimacy, commitment, and passion. Intimacy is a form by which two people can share secrets and various details of their personal lives. Intimacy is usually shown in friendships and romantic love affairs. Commitment, on the other hand, is the expectation that the relationship is going to last forever. The last and most common form of love is sexual attraction and passion. Passionate love is shown in infatuation as well as romantic love. This led researchers such as Yela^{[citation needed]} to further refine the model by separating passion into two independents components: erotic passion and romantic passion.

Following developments in electrical theories, such as Coulomb's law, which showed that positive and negative charges attract, analogs in human life were developed, such as "opposites attract". Over the last century, research on the nature of human mating has generally found this not to be true when it comes to character and personality; people tend to like people like themselves. However, in a few unusual and specific domains, such as immune systems, it seems that humans prefer others who are unlike themselves (e.g. with an orthogonal immune system), since this will lead to a baby which has the best of both worlds.^[9] In recent years, various human bonding theories have been developed described in terms of attachments, ties, bonds, and affinities.

Some Western authorities disaggregate into two main components, the altruistic and the narcissistic. This view is represented in the works of Scott Peck, whose works in the field of applied psychology explored the definitions of love and evil. Peck maintains that love is a combination of the "concern for the spiritual growth of another", and simple narcissism.^[10] In combination, love is an activity, not simply a feeling.

Philosophical views

People, throughout history, have often considered phenomena such as "love at first sight" or "instant friendships" to be the result of an uncontrollable force of attraction or affinity.^[11] One of the first to theorize in this direction was the Greek philosopher Empedocles, who in the 4th century BC argued for the existence of two forces, love (philia) and strife (neikos), which were used to account for the causes of motion in the universe. These two forces were said to intermingle with the classical elements, i.e., earth, water, air, and fire, in such a manner that love served as the binding power linking the various parts of existence harmoniously together.

Later, Plato interpreted Empedocles' two agents as attraction and repulsion, stating that their operation is conceived in an alternate sequence.^[12] From these arguments, Plato originated the concept of "likes attract", e.g., earth is attracted to earth, water to water, and fire to fire. In modern terms this is often phrased in terms of "birds of a feather flock together".

Bertrand Russell describes love as a condition of "absolute value", as opposed to relative value. Thomas Jay Oord defines love as acting intentionally, in sympathetic response to others (including God), to promote overall well-being. Oord means for his definition to be adequate for religion, philosophy, and the sciences. Robert A. Heinlein, one of the most prolific science fiction writers of the 20th century, defined love in his novel Stranger in a Strange Land as the point of emotional connection which leads to the happiness of another being essential to one's own well being. This definition ignores the ideas of religion and science and instead focuses on the meaning of love as it relates to the individual.

Also, an ancient proverb states that love is a high form of tolerance. This view is one that many philosophers and scholars have researched, and is widely accepted.

Religious views

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Main article: Love (religious views)

The Bible speaks of love as a set of attitudes and actions that are far broader than the concept of love as an emotional attachment. Love is seen as a set of behaviors that humankind is encouraged to act out. One is encouraged not just to love one's partner, or even one's friends but also to love one's enemies. The Bible describes this type of active love in 1 Corinthians 13:4-8:

“

Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. Love never fails.

”

Romantic love is also present in the Bible, particularly the Song of Songs. Traditionally, this book has been interpreted allegorically as a picture of God's love for Israel and the Church. When taken naturally, we see a picture of ideal human marriage:^[13]

“

Place me like a seal over your heart, like a seal on your arm; for love is as strong as death, its jealously unyielding as the grave. It burns like a blazing fire, like a mighty flame. Many waters cannot quench love; rivers cannot wash it away. If one were to give all the wealth of his house for love, it would be utterly scorned.

”

The passage dodi li v'ani lo (Hebrew: דודי לי ואני לו), i.e. "my beloved is mine and I am my beloved", from Song of Songs 2:16, is an example of a biblical quote commonly engraved on wedding bands.

The Bible states love is a characteristic of God. I John 4:8 states "God is Love". In essence, God is the epitomy of love - in action and relation. It is God that first loved mankind and desired a relationship. (John 3:16-17) Love is the underlying drive in most people.^{[citation needed]} The search for love seems endless within the human race, throughout the ages.^{[citation needed]} The Bible defines God as being the completeness of love. Love, as being defined by Him, is demonstrated in his character and personality. Another way of defining this type of love is "godly love", a love shown through the example of Christ's sacrifice on the cross. However, this "sacrificial" love can also be expressed by humans, although imperfectly. For example, the love of a mother for her child. Many mothers would sacrifice anything for their children. It is this type of love that the Bible teaches us to follow and to share with one another. Love, in the end, is truly a sacrifice, ultimately expressed in the crucifixion of Jesus as described in the New Testament. C.S. Lewis discusses Christian ideas about love in his book The Four Loves

Mary Baker Eddy, the founder of Christian Science, defines Love as one of 7 synonyms for God. This indicates that Deity is more than a being that has benevolent concerns for mankind, but rather that God is Love itself. Love is also synonymous with Principle, Mind, Soul, Spirit, Life, and Truth and indicate the depth and wholeness of Love.^{[citation needed]}

In Aramaic, the language that Jesus spoke, there are six words for Unconditional Love (Kenoota, Khooba, Makikh, Abilii, Rukha and Dadcean Libhoun) which are untranslatable and are all translated as the one word “Love” in the English Bible. They are explained here

The Bhagavad Gita, a Hindu scripture, helps devotees to see that love conquers all. It says, "Sattva—pure, luminous, and free from sorrow—binds us to happiness and wisdom" (Number 6). Sattva, translated as purity, helps one to see that love evolves from selflessness.

Cultural views

Main article: Love (cultural views)

The traditional Chinese character for love (愛) consists of a heart (心, in the middle) inside of "accept", "feel", or "perceive", which shows a graceful emotion.

Although there exist numerous cross-cultural unified similarities as to the nature and definition of love, as in there being a thread of commitment, tenderness, and passion common to all human existence, there are differences.

^{This short section requires expansion.}

References

^ ^a ^b Oxford Illustrated American Dictionary (1998) + Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary (2000).
^ ^a ^b http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/love
^ Kristeller, Paul Oskar (1980). Renaissance Thought and the Arts: collected essays. Princeton University. ISBN 0691020108.
^ Mascaró, Juan (2003). The Bhagavad Gita. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0140449183. (J. Mascaró translator)
^ Casual application of the word love also includes idiomatic expressions and uses with differing connotations. For example, as a sardonic expression of disapproval: "I just love how politicians always make empty promises."
^ Lewis, Thomas; Amini, F., & Lannon, R. (2000). A General Theory of Love. Random House. ISBN 0-375-70922-3.
^ ^a ^b Winston, Robert (2004). Human. Smithsonian Institution.
^ Emanuele, E. Polliti, P, Bianchi, M. Minoretti, P. Bertona, M., & Geroldi, D. (2005). “Raised plasma nerve growth factor levels associated with early-stage romantic love.” Abstract. Psychoneuroendocrinology, Nov. 09.
^ Berscheid, Ellen; Walster, Elaine, H. (1969). Interpersonal Attraction. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.. CCCN 69-17443.
^ Peck, Scott (1978). The Road Less Traveled. Simon & Schuster, 169. ISBN 0-671-25067-1.
^ Fisher, Helen (2004). Why We Love – the Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-6913-5.
^ Jammer, Max (1956). Concepts of Force. Dover Publications, Inc.. ISBN 0-486-40689-X.
^ Bible, 8:6-7, NIV.

External links

Love Song Video - John Lennon (Youtube)

[hide]

v • d • e

Emotions

Alertness • Acceptance • Affection • Ambivalence • Anger • Angst • Anticipation • Anxiety • Apathy • Bitterness • Boredom • Calmness • Compassion • Contempt • Contentment • Confusion • Depression • Despair • Disgust • Doubt • Ecstasy • Embarrassment • Emptiness • Enmity • Enthusiasm • Envy • Epiphany • Euphoria • Fanaticism • Fear • Frustration • Gratification • Gratitude • Grief • Guilt • Happiness • Hate • Homesickness • Hope • Horror • Humiliation • Jealousy • Limerence • Loneliness • Love • Lust • Melancholia • Panic • Patience • Pity • Pride • Rage • Regret • Remorse • Repentance • Righteous indignation • Self-pity • Shame • Shyness • Suffering • Surprise

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love"

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Microsoft Windows

2007-10-12T00:51:00.000-07:00

Microsoft Windows

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Windows)

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“Windows” redirects here. For the building material, see Window.

**Microsoft Windows**


Screenshot of Windows Vista Ultimate, the latest version of Microsoft Windows.
Company/developer:	Microsoft Corporation
OS family:	MS-DOS/9x-based, Windows CE, Windows NT
Source model:	Closed source
Stable release:	Windows Vista NT 6.0 (November 8, 2006) _[+/-]
Preview release:	Windows Server 2008 June CTP NT 6.0.6001.16606 (June 2007) _[+/-]
License:	MS-EULA
Working state:	Current
Website:	Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows is the name of several families of software operating systems by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).^[1] Microsoft Windows eventually came to dominate the world's personal computer market, overtaking Mac OS which had been introduced previously. At the 2004 IDC Directions conference, IDC Vice President Avneesh Saxena stated that Windows had approximately 90% of the client operating system market.^[2] The current client version of Windows is Windows Vista. The current server version of Windows is Windows Server 2003. The successor to Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008 is currently being beta tested.

[hide]

[edit] Versions

See also: List of Microsoft Windows versions

Windows OS market share^[3]
Windows Version	Market share
All versions	93.58%
Windows XP	79.32%
Windows Vista	7.38%
Windows 2000	3.32%
Windows 98	0.89%
Windows NT	0.61%
Windows ME	0.49%
Windows CE	0.06%

The term Windows collectively describes any or all of several generations of Microsoft (MS) operating system (OS) products. These products are generally categorized as follows:

[edit] 16-bit operating environments

The box art of Windows 1.0, the first version that Microsoft released to the public.

The early versions of Windows were often thought of as just graphical user interfaces, mostly because they ran on top of MS-DOS and used it for file system services.^{[citation needed]} However even the earliest 16-bit Windows versions already assumed many typical operating system functions, notably having their own executable file format and providing their own device drivers (timer, graphics, printer, mouse, keyboard and sound) for applications. Unlike MS-DOS, Windows allowed users to execute multiple graphical applications at the same time, through cooperative multitasking. Finally, Windows implemented an elaborate, segment-based, software virtual memory scheme which allowed it to run applications larger than available memory: code segments and resources were swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce, and data segments moved in memory when a given application had relinquished processor control, typically waiting for user input.^{[citation needed]} 16-bit Windows versions include Windows 1.0 (1985), Windows 2.0 (1987) and its close relative Windows/286.

[edit] Hybrid 16/32-bit operating environments

A classic Windows logo. Was used from 1992 to 1999.

Windows/386 introduced a 32-bit protected mode kernel and virtual machine monitor. For the duration of a Windows session, it created one or more virtual 8086 environments and provided device virtualization for the video card, keyboard, mouse, timer and interrupt controller inside each of them. The user-visible consequence was that it became possible to preemptively multitask multiple MS-DOS environments in separate Windows (graphical applications required switching the window to full screen mode). Windows applications were still multi-tasked cooperatively inside one of such real-mode environments.

Windows 3.0 (1990) and Windows 3.1 (1992) improved the design, mostly because of virtual memory and loadable virtual device drivers (VxDs) which allowed them to share arbitrary devices between multitasked DOS windows.^{[citation needed]} Because of this, Windows applications could now run in 16-bit protected mode (when Windows was running in Standard or 386 Enhanced Mode), which gave them access to several megabytes of memory and removed the obligation to participate in the software virtual memory scheme. They still ran inside the same address space, where the segmented memory provided a degree of protection, and multi-tasked cooperatively. For Windows 3.0, Microsoft also rewrote critical operations from C into assembly, making this release faster and less memory-hungry than its predecessors.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Hybrid 16/32-bit operating systems

The Windows logo that was used from late 1999 to 2001.

With the introduction of 32-bit Windows for Workgroups 3.11, Windows could finally stop relying on DOS for file management.^{[citation needed]} Leveraging this, Windows 95 introduced Long File Names, reducing the 8.3 filename to the role of a boot loader. MS-DOS was now bundled with Windows; this notably made it (partially) aware of long file names when its utilities were run from within Windows. The most important novelty was the possibility of running 32-bit multi-threaded preemptively multitasked graphical programs. However, the necessity of keeping compatibility with 16-bit programs meant the GUI components were still 16-bit only and not fully reentrant, which resulted in reduced performance and stability.

There were three releases of Windows 95 (the first in 1995, then subsequent bug-fix versions in 1996 and 1997, only released to OEMs, which added extra features such as FAT32 and primitive USB support). Microsoft's next OS was Windows 98; there were two versions of this (the first in 1998 and the second, named "Windows 98 Second Edition", in 1999). In 2000, Microsoft released Windows Me (Me standing for Millennium Edition), which used the same core as Windows 98 but adopted the visual appearance of Windows 2000, as well as a new feature called System Restore, allowing the user to set the computer's settings back to an earlier date. It was not a very well-received implementation, and many user problems occurred.^{[citation needed]} Windows Me was considered a stopgap to the day both product lines would be seamlessly merged.^{[citation needed]} Microsoft left little time for Windows 2000 to become popular before announcing their next version of Windows which would be called Windows XP.

[edit] 32-bit operating systems

The Windows logo that was used from 2001 to November 2006.

This family of Windows systems was fashioned and marketed for higher reliability business use, and was unencumbered by any Microsoft DOS patrimony.^{[citation needed]} The first release was Windows NT 3.1 (1993, numbered "3.1" to match the Windows version and to one-up OS/2 2.1^{[citation needed]}, IBM's flagship OS co-developed by Microsoft and was Windows NT's main competitor at the time), which was followed by NT 3.5 (1994), NT 3.51 (1995), and NT 4.0 (1996); NT 4.0 was the first in this line to implement the Windows 95 user interface. Microsoft then moved to combine their consumer and business operating systems. Their first attempt, Windows 2000, failed to meet their goals,^{[citation needed]} and was released as a business system. The home consumer edition of Windows 2000, codenamed "Windows Neptune," ceased development and Microsoft released Windows Me in its place.^{[citation needed]} Eventually "Neptune" was merged into their new project, Whistler, which later became Windows XP, which came in both home and professional versions. Then, Windows Server 2003 brought Windows Server up to date with Windows XP. Since then, Windows Vista was released and Windows Server 2008 will bring Windows Server up to date with Windows Vista. Windows CE, Microsoft's offering in the mobile and embedded markets, is also a true 32-bit operating system that offers various services for all sub-operating workstations.

[edit] 64-bit operating systems

The current Windows logo

Windows NT included support for several different platforms before the x86-based personal computer became dominant in the professional world. Versions of NT from 3.1 to 4.0 supported DEC Alpha and MIPS R4000, which were 64-bit processors, although the operating system treated them as 32-bit processors.

With the introduction of the Intel Itanium architecture, which is referred to as IA-64, Microsoft released new versions of Windows 2000 to support it. Itanium versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 (32-bit) counterparts. On April 25, 2005, Microsoft released Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and x64 versions of Windows Server 2003 to support the AMD64/Intel64 (or x64 in Microsoft terminology) architecture. Microsoft dropped support for the Itanium version of Windows XP in 2005. The modern 64-bit Windows family comprises Windows XP Professional x64 Edition for AMD64/Intel64 systems, and Windows Server 2003, in both Itanium and x64 editions. Windows Vista is the first end-user version of Windows that Microsoft has released simultaneously in 32-bit and x64 editions. Windows Vista does not support the Itanium architecture.

[edit] History

Main article: History of Microsoft Windows

The Windows family tree.

Microsoft has taken two parallel routes in operating systems. One route has been the home user and the other has been the professional IT user. The dual route has generally led to the home versions with greater multimedia support and less functionality in networking and security, and professional versions with inferior multimedia support and better networking and security.

The first independent version of Microsoft Windows, version 1.0, released in November 1985, lacked a degree of functionality and achieved little popularity, and was to compete with Apple's own operating system.^{[citation needed]} Windows 1.0 did not provide a complete operating system; rather, it extended MS-DOS. Microsoft Windows version 2.0 was released in November, 1987 and was slightly more popular than its predecessor. Windows 2.03 (release date January 1988) had changed the OS from tiled Windows to overlapping Windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging infringement on Apple's copyrights.^{[citation needed]}

A Windows for Workgroups 3.11 desktop.

Microsoft Windows version 3.0, released in 1990, was the first Microsoft Windows version to achieve broad commercial success, selling 2 million copies in the first six months.^{[citation needed]} It featured improvements to the user interface and to multitasking capabilities. It received a facelift in Windows 3.1, made generally available on March 1, 1992. Windows 3.1 support ended on December 31, 2001.^[4]

In July 1993, Microsoft released Windows NT based on a new kernel. NT was considered to be the professional OS and was the first Windows version to utilize preemptive multitasking.^{[citation needed]}. Windows NT and the Windows DOS/9x based line would later be fused together to create Windows XP.

In August 1995, Microsoft released Windows 95, which made further changes to the user interface, and also used preemptive multitasking. Mainstream support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2000 and extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.^[5]

The next in line was Microsoft Windows 98 released in June 1998. It was substantially criticized for its slowness and for its unreliability compared with Windows 95, but many of its basic problems were later rectified with the release of Windows 98 Second Edition in 1999.^{[citation needed]} Mainstream support for Windows 98 ended on June 30, 2002 and extended support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.^[6]

As part of its "professional" line, Microsoft released Windows 2000 in February 2000. The consumer version following Windows 98 was Windows Me (Windows Millennium Edition). Released in September 2000, Windows Me attempted to implement a number of new technologies for Microsoft: most notably publicized was "Universal Plug and Play." However, the OS was heavily criticized for its lack of compatibility and stability and it was even rated by PC World as the fourth worst product of all time.^[7]

In October 2001, Microsoft released Windows XP, a version built on the Windows NT kernel that also retained the consumer-oriented usability of Windows 95 and its successors. This new version was widely praised in computer magazines.^[8] It shipped in two distinct editions, "Home" and "Professional", the former lacking many of the superior security and networking features of the Professional edition. Additionally, the first "Media Center" edition was released in 2002,^[9] with an emphasis on support for DVD and TV functionality including program recording and a remote control. Mainstream support for Windows XP will continue until April 14, 2009 and extended support will continue until April 8, 2014.^[10]

In April 2003, Windows Server 2003 was introduced, replacing the Windows 2000 line of server products with a number of new features and a strong focus on security; this was followed in December 2005 by Windows Server 2003 R2.

On January 30, 2007 Microsoft released Windows Vista. It contains a number of new features, from a redesigned shell and user interface to significant technical changes, with a particular focus on security features. It is available in a number of different editions, more than any previous version of Windows. It has been subject to several criticisms.

[edit] Timeline of releases

Release date	Product name	Support status
April 1987	Windows 1.04	Unsupported
November 1987	Windows 2.03	Unsupported
March 1989	Windows 2.11	Unsupported
May 1990	Windows 3.0	Unsupported
March 1992	Windows 3.1	Unsupported
October 1992	Windows For Workgroups 3.1	Unsupported
July 1993	Windows NT 3.1	Unsupported
December 1993	Windows For Workgroups 3.11	Unsupported
January 1994	Windows 3.2 (released in Simplified Chinese only)	Unsupported
September 1994	Windows NT 3.5	Unsupported
May 1995	Windows NT 3.51	Unsupported
August 1995	Windows 95	Unsupported
July 1996	Windows NT 4.0	Unsupported
June 1998	Windows 98	Unsupported
May 1999	Windows 98 SE	Unsupported
February 2000	Windows 2000	Extended Support until July 13, 2010^[11]
September 2000	Windows Me	Unsupported
October 2001	Windows XP	Unsupported for RTM and SP1. Current for SP2
March 2003	Windows XP 64-bit Edition	Unsupported
April 2003	Windows Server 2003	Unsupported for RTM, SP1 and R2. Current for SP2
April 2005	Windows XP Professional x64 Edition	Unsupported for RTM (SP1). Current for SP2
July 2006	Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs	Current
November 2006 (for companies)/January 2007 (for consumers)	Windows Vista	Current
July 2007	Windows Home Server	Current
Q1 2008 (planned)	Windows XP SP3, Windows Vista SP1	Future releases
February 2008 (planned)	Windows Server 2008	Future release
2009-2012 (planned)	Windows 7 (formerly codenamed Blackcomb and later Vienna)	Future release

[edit] Windows Lifecycle Policy

Microsoft has stopped releasing updates and hotfixes for many old Windows operating systems, including all versions of Windows 9x and earlier versions of Windows NT. Windows versions prior to XP are no longer supported, with the exception of Windows 2000, which is currently in the Extended Support Period, that will end on July 13, 2010. Windows XP versions prior to SP2 are no longer supported as well. Also, support for Windows XP 64-bit Edition ended after the release of the more recent Windows XP Professional x64 Edition.^{[citation needed]} However, it is possible for users of older, now unsupported versions of Windows to download and install updates, by going to the Windows Update catalog.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Emulation software

Emulation allows the use of some Windows applications without using Microsoft Windows. These include:

Wine - an almost-complete free software/open-source software implementation of the Windows API, allowing one to run most Windows applications on x86-based platforms, including GNU/Linux. Wine is technically not an emulator; an emulator effectively 'pretends' to be a different CPU, while Wine makes use of Windows-style APIs to 'simulate' the Windows environment directly.
CrossOver - A Wine package with licensed fonts. Its developers are regular contributors to Wine, and focus on Wine running officially supported applications.
Cedega - TransGaming Technologies' proprietary fork of Wine, which is designed specifically for running games written for Microsoft Windows under GNU/Linux.
ReactOS - An open-source OS that intends to run the same software as Windows, at an early alpha stage.
Darwine - This project intends to port and develop Wine as well as other supporting tools that will allow Darwin and Mac OS X users to run Microsoft Windows applications, and to provide Win32 API compatibility at application source code level.

[edit] See also

Microsoft Portal

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of

Basic Computing Using Windows

General:

Further reading:

[edit] References

[edit] External links

[show] v • d • e Windows releases
MS-DOS/9x-based	1.0 · 2.0 · 2.1x · 3.0 · 3.1x · 95 · 98 · Me
NT-based	NT 3.1 · NT 3.5 · NT 3.51 · NT 4.0 · 2000 · XP · Server 2003 · Fundamentals for Legacy PCs · Vista · Home Server
CE-based	CE 1.0 · CE 2.0 · CE 3.0 · CE 4.0 · CE 5.0 · CE 6.0 · Mobile
Upcoming	Server 2008 · 7
Cancelled projects	Neptune · Odyssey · Nashville · Cairo
Other projects	OS/2
Test projects	Singularity

[show] v • d • e Microsoft
Desktop software	Windows (Windows components) · Office · Dynamics · Visual Studio · Money · Encarta · Student · Expression · Works
Server software	Windows Server · SQL Server · IIS · Exchange · BizTalk · Commerce · ISA Server · Systems Management · System Center · Licensing Services
Technology	Active Directory · DirectX · .NET · Windows Media · PlaysForSure
Web properties	Windows Live · Office Live · MSNBC · msnbc.com · ninemsn · MSN · Hotmail · Live Messenger · Spaces · Groups · Live ID · Ignition · CodePlex
Gaming	Microsoft Game Studios · Zone · XNA · Xbox · Xbox 360 · Xbox Live (Arcade · Marketplace) · Games for Windows (Live · Tray and Play) · Live Anywhere
Hardware	Surface · Zune (4, 8) · MSN TV · Natural Keyboard · Keyboard · Mouse · LifeCam · LifeChat · SideWinder · Ultra-Mobile PC · Fingerprint · Audio System · Cordless Phone · Pocket PC · RoundTable · Response Point
Education and recognition	MCPs · MSDN · MSDNAA · MSCA · Microsoft Press · Microsoft MVP · Microsoft Student Partners
Licensing	Client Access License · Shared Source
Board of directors	Ballmer · Cash · Dublon · Gates · Gilmartin · Hastings · Marquardt · Noski · Panke · Shirley

[show] v • d • e Windows components
Core	Aero · Desktop Window Manager · Windows Explorer · Taskbar · Start menu · Windows Shell (Shell namespace · Special Folders · File associations) · Windows Search (Saved search · iFilters) · Graphics Device Interface · DirectX · Next Generation TCP/IP stack · .NET Framework · Audio · Printing · Windows Script Host (VBScript · JScript) · ClearType
Applications and tools	Backup and Restore Center · Calculator · Calendar · Character Map · Cmd.exe · Contacts · Control Panel (Applets) · Device Manager · Disk Cleanup · Disk Defragmenter · DVD Maker · Event Viewer · Fax and Scan · Internet Explorer · Mail · Magnifier · Management Console · Media Center · Meeting Space · Mobile Device Center · Mobility Center · Movie Maker · Narrator · Notepad · Paint · Photo Gallery · PowerShell · Private Character Editor · Problem Reports and Solutions · Remote Assistance · Sidebar · Snipping Tool · Sound Recorder · Sysprep · System Configuration · System File Checker · System Restore · Unix subsystem · Windows Installer · Windows Media Player · Windows Speech Recognition · Task Manager · Windows Update · WordPad · WinSAT
Kernel	Ntoskrnl.exe · hal.dll · System idle process · Svchost.exe · Registry · Windows service · Service Control Manager · WOW/WOW64 · DLL · NTLDR/Boot Manager · Winlogon · Recovery Console · I/O · Recovery Environment · Preinstallation Environment · Kernel Patch Protection
Services	AutoPlay · BITS · Task Scheduler · Wireless Zero Configuration · Shadow Copy · Windows Error Reporting · Multimedia Class Scheduler Service
File systems	NTFS (Junction point · Mount Point · Symbolic link · TxF · EFS) · FAT32 · FAT16 · FAT12 · exFAT · CDFS · UDF · DFS · Installable File System
Server	Domains · Active Directory · DNS · Group Policy · Roaming user profiles · Distributed Transaction Coordinator · SharePoint Services · Windows Media Services · Rights Management Services · IIS · Terminal Services · WSUS · Network Access Protection
Architecture	NT series architecture · Object Manager · Startup process (Vista) · I/O RP · Kernel Transaction Manager · Logical Disk Manager · Security Accounts Manager · Windows Resource Protection · LSASS · CSRSS · SMSS
Security	User Account Control · BitLocker · Defender · DEP · Protected Media Path · Mandatory Integrity Control · User Interface Privilege Isolation · Windows Firewall · Security Center
Games	3D Pinball · Chess Titans · FreeCell · Hearts · Hover! · InkBall · Mahjong Titans · Minesweeper · Purble Place · Solitaire · Spider Solitaire
PowerToys	Tweak UI · SyncToy · PowerCalc

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"

Nokia N91

2007-10-12T00:50:00.001-07:00

Nokia N91

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Jump to: navigation, search

Nokia N91

Manufacturer	Nokia
Available	2006
Screen	176 x 208, 262,144 colours TFT LCD
Camera	2 Megapixels
Operating system	Symbian OS v9.1 (Third Edition)
Input	Standard Symbian Keypad (featuring green, red, menu, write, left & right selection/softkeys, joystick/pad, 1-# numerical) and also a new nokia feature of 6 specific mp3 control keys
Memory	Hard disk
Networks	802.11, GSM, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, Wi-Fi -- 802.11g
Battery	BL-5C, 3.7v, 850mAh

The Nokia N91 is a mobile phone that was released to the public in April of 2006. It is part of the Nokia Nseries range of mobile phone. It features a 2-megapixel camera and a 4GB (8GB in the "new" 2006 version) hard disk to store approximately 3,000 songs encoded in either AAC, AAC+, eAAC+, MP3, mp3PRO, WAV, MIDI, or Microsoft's WMA format. It also features 3G and wi-fi technology. The phone features a 176 x 208, 262,144 colours TFT LCD display and dedicated music functionality buttons (XpressMusic) that slide down to reveal traditional mobile phone keys. Battery life when solely playing music has been estimated at 12 hours.

The phone features a new version of the Symbian Series 60 Operating System. It was the first phone with this version (Symbian version 9.1, Series 60 version 3.0). The new version is needed for the support of a mechanical hard disk. In the past, the version of the Symbian operating system has been a good indicator of cpu speed.

In the adverts for this phone, it clearly stated that, because of its 3.5 mm plug input, Nokia recommends quality headphones made from Bose and Sennheiser.

N91 also comes standard with a full Web browser

There have been a few problems with the N91, namely connecting the phone to an Apple Computer Mac OS X compatible computer. This will often cause the phone to crash as the two units are disconnected and music files are often not recognised despite being loaded into the phones hard drive. Also depending upon which firmware you have, when you install a new theme, it will reset itself back to the default theme. This can be fixed though, by updating to the latest firmware which can now be done by the user themself.

In the Phillipines, there was an incident involving an N91 being used with one of Nokia's 46 million recalled BL-5C lithium-ion batteries^[1], and exploded as a result.^[2]

[edit] External links

Official Nokia N91 product page
Nokia N91 Press Relase
N91 Specifications from Symbian and Nokia

[edit] Reviews

[hide] v • d • e Nokia phones
1series	1100 · 1110 · 1600
2series	2110i · 2115i · 2650 · 2651
3series	3100/3105 · 3110 · 3110 classic · 3155 · 3200 · 3210 · 3220 · 3230 · 3250 · 3310 · 3410 · 3510/3590/3595 · 3600/3620/3650/3660
5series	5110 · 5140 · 5140i · 5200 · 5210 · 5300 · 5500 · 5510 · 5700
6series	6010 · 6020/6021 · 6030 · 6070 · 6110/6120 · 6110 Navigator · 6111 · 6120 classic · 6131/6133 · 6136 · 6170 · 6230 · 6233 · 6255i · 6256i · 6260 · 6265 · 6270 · 6275i · 6280/6288 · 6290 · 6300 · 6315i · 6500 classic · 6600 · 6610i · 6620 · 6630 · 6650 · 6670 · 6680 · 6681/6682 · 6800 · 6810 · 6820
7series	7110 · 7160 · 7250 · 7280 · 7360 · 7380 · 7390 · 7500 · 7600 · 7610 · 7650 · 7700 · 7710 · 7900
8series	8110 · 8210 · 8600 Luna · 8800 · 8850
9series	9000/9110 · 9210/9290 · 9300/i · 9500
Eseries	E50 · E51 · E60 · E61/i · E62 · E65 · E70 · E90
Nseries	N70 · N71 · N72 · N73 · N75 · N76 · N77 · N80 · N81 · N90 · N91 · N92 · N93 · N93i · N95
Other	770 Internet Tablet · N800 Internet Tablet · 888 · N-Gage · Vertu luxury phones

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_N91"

Categories: Smartphones | Nokia mobile phones | UPnP Devices | Cellular Device

MICROSOFT WINDOWS

Microsoft Office

Contents

[edit] Common Office programs

[edit] Word

[edit] Excel

[edit] Outlook/Entourage

[edit] PowerPoint

[edit] Other programs

[edit] Web services

[edit] Server components

[edit] Cross-platform

[edit] Editions

[edit] Support lifecycle

[edit] Versions and Editions

[edit] Versions for Microsoft Windows

[edit] Versions for Mac OS

[edit] Defunct programs

[edit] Criticisms

[edit] See also

[edit] References

[edit] External links

World Wrestling Entertainment

World Wrestling Entertainment

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Contents

Company history

Capitol Wrestling

World Wide Wrestling Federation

World Wrestling Federation

The Golden Age

The New Generation

The Attitude Era

Business advances

Acquisition of WCW and ECW

World Wrestling Entertainment

WWE Wellness Program

Current title holders

Other wrestler accomplishments

Current developmental territory champions

Defunct promotion championships and accomplishments

Defunct developmental territories championships

Expansion beyond wrestling

WWE executive officers

WWE board of directors

References

External links

Love

Love

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Contents

Definitions

Scientific views

Chemistry of love

Psychology of love

Philosophical views

Religious views

Cultural views

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Views

Personal tools

Navigation

interaction

Search

Toolbox

In other languages

Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Contents

[edit] Versions

[edit] 16-bit operating environments

[edit] Hybrid 16/32-bit operating environments

[edit] Hybrid 16/32-bit operating systems

[edit] 32-bit operating systems

[edit] 64-bit operating systems

[edit] History